Banquo as the Victim of Shakespeares Macbeth :: Macbeth essays

Banquo as the Victim of Macbeth The reader finds in Shakespeares Macbeth that the cunning and machinations of evilly inc line of reasoningd great deal do not pay off. On the new(prenominal) hand, the progeny of the h binglest will rule the kingdom. This paper is the story of Banquo the innocent. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants that Banquo is a worldly concern to be feared by Macbeth Besides Lady Macbeth, the one who knows how much Macbeth is acting is Banquo. In the scene where Banquo is starting for his afternoon ride, the conversation between the new king and his chief guest is artificial on both(prenominal) sides. In pretending that he is about to seek advice from Banquo, Macbeth . . . is relying on the security of his office to prevent a contradiction from Banquo. A few lines farther on he says that his fears in Banquo sink deep. In the long soliloquy, beginning To be thus is nothing, he reflects that Banquo would defy a great deal, and yet his daring i s tended to(p) by a certain wisdom that would guide him to act safely. So he is a gentlemans gentleman to be feared. (56-57) In Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard mack explains how the Bard upgraded the Holinshed version of Banquo His King James family, the Stuarts, claimed descent from Banquo, and it is perhaps on this account that Shakespeare departs from Holinshed, in whose narrative Banquo is Macbeths accomplice in the assassination of Duncan, to insist on his royalty of constitution and the dauntless temper of his mind (3.1.50). Many critics see a notable compliment to James in the dumb show of kings descending from Banquo (What, will the line stretch out to th crack of doom? (186) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeths, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as rectitude is set over against disloyalty. (792) In Fools of Time Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquos ghost in this play Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where swart music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeares tragedies that is not connected with the butcher of the order-figures.Banquo as the Victim of Shakespeares Macbeth Macbeth essaysBanquo as the Victim of Macbeth The reader finds in Shakespeares Macbeth that the cunning and machinations of evilly inclined people do not pay off. On the other hand, the progeny of the honest will rule the kingdom. This paper is the story of Banquo the innocent. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants that Banquo is a man to be feared by Macbeth Besides Lady Macbeth, the one who knows how much Macbeth is acting is Banquo. In the scene where Ba nquo is starting for his afternoon ride, the conversation between the new King and his chief guest is artificial on both sides. In pretending that he is about to seek advice from Banquo, Macbeth . . . is relying on the security of his office to prevent a contradiction from Banquo. A few lines farther on he says that his fears in Banquo sink deep. In the long soliloquy, beginning To be thus is nothing, he reflects that Banquo would dare a great deal, and yet his daring is accompanied by a certain wisdom that would guide him to act safely. So he is a man to be feared. (56-57) In Everybodys Shakespeare Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack explains how the Bard upgraded the Holinshed version of Banquo His King James family, the Stuarts, claimed descent from Banquo, and it is perhaps on this account that Shakespeare departs from Holinshed, in whose narrative Banquo is Macbeths accomplice in the assassination of Duncan, to insist on his royalty of nature and the dauntless temper of his mind (3.1.50). Many critics see a notable compliment to James in the dumb show of kings descending from Banquo (What, will the line stretch out to th crack of doom? (186) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare comment that Banquo is a force of good in the play, set in opposition to Macbeth Banquo, the loyal soldier, praying for restraint against evil thoughts which enter his mind as they had entered Macbeths, but which work no evil there, is set over against Macbeth, as virtue is set over against disloyalty. (792) In Fools of Time Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy, Northrop Frye explains the rationale behind Banquos ghost in this play Except for the episode of Hercules leaving Antony, where mysterious music is heard again, there is nothing really supernatural in Shakespeares tragedies that is not connected with the murder of the order-figures.

Relationship between Greeks and Gods in Hippolytus :: Hippolytus Essays

Relationship between Greeks and Gods in Hippolytus The play Hippolytus by the Greek playwright Euripides is one which explores classical Greek religion. Throughout the play, the influence of the gods on the actions of the characters is evident, especially when Aphrodite affects the actions of Phaedra. Also central to the plot is the god-god interactions between Artemis and Aphrodite. In this essay, I hope to provide answers to how the actions of Hippolytus and Phaedra relate to the gods, whether or not the characters concern themselves with the reaction of the gods to their behavior, what the characters hold from the gods, how the gods treat the humans, and whether or not the gods gain anything from making the humans suffer. Before we can discuss the play, however, a few terms need to be defined. just about important would be the nature of the gods. They have divine powers, but what exactly makes the Greek gods unique should be explored. The Greek gods, since they are anthropomo rphic, have many of the like characteristics as humans. One characteristic of the gods which is apparent is jealousy. Aphrodite seems to be jealous of Artemis because Hippolytus worships Artemis as the greatest of all gods, while he tends to shy away from worshipping Aphrodite (10-16). This is important because it sets in motion the actions of the play when Aphrodite decides to get revenge on Hippolytus. The divine relationship between the gods is a bit different, however. Over the course of the play, Artemis does not interfere in the actions of Aphrodite, which shows that the gods, while divine, do have restrictions in this case, it shows the gods cannot interfere with each other. (1328-1330) The gods are sometimes evil and revengeful, though, as can seen by what Artemis has to say about Aphrodite Ill clutch till she loves a mortal next time, and with this hand - with these unerring arrows Ill punish him. (1420-1422) The relationship of mankind and the gods also needs to be discu ssed. This relationship seems to be a sort of give-and-take relationship, in part. The Greeks believed that if they gave to the gods, through prayer and sacrifices, that the gods would help them out. This is especially true of Hippolytus and his almost excessive worship of Artemis. Also, Theseus praying to his father Poseidon is another example of this, scarcely

E.e. Cummings, Poem, Anyone Li Essay -- essays research papers

E.E. Cummings"anyone lived in a pretty how town"     I setoff read this poem and I thought of love, two citizenry in love. Anyone and noone are in love and that is what matters to them, to be in love with each another(prenominal) and with life. It involves the day, the night, and how the weather changes. The seasons revolve and the children grow up to become adults. As I read the poem I realized there were three sections to it. Which consist of anyone and noone, "wo custody and men" in bankers bill four, and the children. The first stanza is strange the first time you read it. You do not understand "anyone" is a person and not just anyone. I believe that line six is referring to all of the adults in the town, Cummings does not want us to think of the town people as separate people but as a whole group undistinguishable from on another. This is told in line five where it states "little and small", he is grouping them in very clo se together. The children are separated into there own group. As they grow through the seasons in lines nine, ten, and eleven, they pass on into adulthood. They in essence no longer exist in the poem. The bells ringing might have something to do with them becoming adults, since I do not see them relating to any other move of the poem. The bells seem to be an important part of the town since they are mentioned in the second line of the poem and those exact lines are repeated in line twenty-four, sixth stanza of th...

Stem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cells are Human Essay -- Argumenta

Embryonic Stem Cells ar Human Some parties in the human-embryo stem-cell research (ESCR) debate are oblivious to unrivaled basic fact Embryonic Stem Cells Are Human - which is the focus of this essay. ESCR involves post-conception research, regardless of how well the proponents try to disguise the fact. Its either a life or its not a life, and its not much of an argument to say the embryo is going to die anyway. What kind of principle is that? Prisoners on death row are going to die anyway, the homeless are going to die anyway, prisoners in Nazi death camps were going to die anyway. Why not start disemboweling prisoners for these snarled cures? Meanwhile, every Republican with a doddering, 90-year-old parent seems to be enthusiastically supportive on experimenting on human embryos, or blastocysts, as they are affectionately cognise to the scientific community. This generation is so appalled at the idea of having to take care of mom and dad, now theyre lashing out at embryos. Admittedly, the real business is with the creation of test-tube...

Date Rape :: essays research papers

The following morning is a dreadful, long 1 that cincture with you forever. The memories in your nous keep crawling up every night when you expunge asleep. You keep asking yourself, Why did it happen to me? What did I do wrong(p)? til now no answer comes to mind, all that you can think of is creation violated, being misled for a simple task-rape. Why does it happen to us? What do the custody see when the door is opened and a gorgeous women stands in front of their eyes. The mind collapses turn forbiddening to find a solution to the problem. Its like having an exam and the merely way for you to score is to cheat. So all girls are just scores guys try to push themselves upon? The mind grows blank and the human body works with versed instinct. Date rape is one of those things that one man cant find a fitting answer for. There are so many possibilities that one tycoon think of as the cause of the problem. Which one is the right one? Is there one specific answer that is ph ysiologically correct? No. Everyone has his or her aver opinion, whether it is from experience or from common knowledge. Date rape is mainly cased by the in-proper behavior of the rapist. A man who can rape a woman has obviously been brought up in an uncomfortable, improper raised environment. A young boy who watches violent sex related movies, is most likely to be sexually violent in his life. A child who is not taught from right and wrong is not going to understand what a girl might want out of a date compared to his urges. Men dont necessarily understand that "No" actually nub no. Stubbornness works strongly with the mind. A young boy looks up to his father, he wants to be like his father, and act like his father. When the parents ignore their children it causes them to break very free in their decisions it makes them believe that they can do whatsoever they please. For example, if a child is being ignored by both o his parents, than they are not around that child when he or she do something wrong. Yet the child doesnt know that. The child thinks that if no one stops his or her actions than he can do it again. That is how bullies are raised-it leads the mind to more.Date Rape essays research papers The following morning is a dreadful, long one that stays with you forever. The memories in your mind keep crawling up every night when you fall asleep. You keep asking yourself, Why did it happen to me? What did I do wrong? Yet no answer comes to mind, all that you can think of is being violated, being misled for a simple task-rape. Why does it happen to us? What do the men see when the door is opened and a gorgeous women stands in front of their eyes. The mind collapses trying to find a solution to the problem. Its like having an exam and the only way for you to score is to cheat. So all girls are just scores guys try to push themselves upon? The mind grows blank and the human body works with sexual instinct. Date rape is one of those things th at one man cant find a proper answer for. There are so many possibilities that one might think of as the cause of the problem. Which one is the right one? Is there one specific answer that is physiologically correct? No. Everyone has his or her own opinion, whether it is from experience or from common knowledge. Date rape is mainly cased by the in-proper behavior of the rapist. A man who can rape a woman has obviously been brought up in an uncomfortable, improper raised environment. A young boy who watches violent sex related movies, is most likely to be sexually violent in his life. A child who is not taught from right and wrong is not going to understand what a girl might want out of a date compared to his urges. Men dont necessarily understand that "No" actually means no. Stubbornness works strongly with the mind. A young boy looks up to his father, he wants to be like his father, and act like his father. When the parents ignore their children it causes them to become ver y free in their decisions it makes them believe that they can do whatever they please. For example, if a child is being ignored by both o his parents, than they are not around that child when he or she do something wrong. Yet the child doesnt know that. The child thinks that if no one stops his or her actions than he can do it again. That is how bullies are raised-it leads the mind to more.

Date Rape :: essays research papers

The quest morning is a dreadful, long single that stays with you forever. The memories in your generaliseing redeem crawling up every night when you fall asleep. You keep postulation yourself, Why did it happen to me? What did I do wrong? Yet no coif comes to mind, all that you butt joint think of is organism violated, being misled for a simplistic task-rape. Why does it happen to us? What do the men see when the door is overt and a gorgeous women stands in front of their eyes. The mind collapses trying to decree a solution to the problem. Its like having an exam and the only way for you to score is to cheat. So all girls are just scores guys try to push themselves upon? The mind grows blank and the human body works with awakenual instinct. Date rape is one of those things that one man cant find a proper resoluteness for. in that location are so many possibilities that one might think of as the generate of the problem. Which one is the right one? Is there one specific answer that is physiologically correct? No. Everyone has his or her own opinion, whether it is from experience or from park recogniseledge. Date rape is mainly cased by the in-proper behavior of the rapist. A man who can rape a woman has obviously been brought up in an uncomfortable, improper raised environment. A young boy who watches violent sex related movies, is most likely to be sexually violent in his life. A child who is not taught from right and wrong is not going to understand what a girl might want out of a date compared to his urges. work force dont necessarily understand that "No" actually means no. obstinance works strongly with the mind. A young boy looks up to his father, he wants to be like his father, and act like his father. When the parents ignore their children it causes them to become very bump in their decisions it makes them believe that they can do whatever they please. For example, if a child is being ignored by both o his parents, than they are not just about that child when he or she do something wrong. Yet the child doesnt know that. The child thinks that if no one stops his or her actions than he can do it again. That is how bullies are raised-it leads the mind to more.Date Rape essays research papers The following morning is a dreadful, long one that stays with you forever. The memories in your mind keep crawling up every night when you fall asleep. You keep asking yourself, Why did it happen to me? What did I do wrong? Yet no answer comes to mind, all that you can think of is being violated, being misled for a simple task-rape. Why does it happen to us? What do the men see when the door is opened and a gorgeous women stands in front of their eyes. The mind collapses trying to find a solution to the problem. Its like having an exam and the only way for you to score is to cheat. So all girls are just scores guys try to push themselves upon? The mind grows blank and the human body works with sexual instinct. Date rap e is one of those things that one man cant find a proper answer for. There are so many possibilities that one might think of as the cause of the problem. Which one is the right one? Is there one specific answer that is physiologically correct? No. Everyone has his or her own opinion, whether it is from experience or from common knowledge. Date rape is mainly cased by the in-proper behavior of the rapist. A man who can rape a woman has obviously been brought up in an uncomfortable, improper raised environment. A young boy who watches violent sex related movies, is most likely to be sexually violent in his life. A child who is not taught from right and wrong is not going to understand what a girl might want out of a date compared to his urges. Men dont necessarily understand that "No" actually means no. Stubbornness works strongly with the mind. A young boy looks up to his father, he wants to be like his father, and act like his father. When the parents ignore their children i t causes them to become very free in their decisions it makes them believe that they can do whatever they please. For example, if a child is being ignored by both o his parents, than they are not around that child when he or she do something wrong. Yet the child doesnt know that. The child thinks that if no one stops his or her actions than he can do it again. That is how bullies are raised-it leads the mind to more.

Principles of Communication in Adult Social Care Settings

Assignment 301 Principles of chat in adult social c atomic number 18 settings. Ai) Identify quaternity different reasons why people advertise. .Create and maintain bloods .To teach and to learn .To sh ar opinions .Feelings and emotions Aii) attract both ways how effective communication can affect relationships in an adult social care setting between privates using the assistant, their carers, colleagues and other Practitioners. Effective communication is essential in building a meaningful relationship between the resident and the carer as it can help build trust and respect.Effective communication is fundamental in regards to the residents needs and preferences and to discipline they are met. As a carer i would discuss the options available to the resident to allow them to make an informed choice in regards to their care. Aiii) Using the table below, identify three ways of finding out the communication and language needs of an individual. For each method, describe how effe ctive it is at being the needs of the individual. METHOD HOW EFFECTIVE IS THIS METHOD? petition/Observing theIndividual. Asking/Observing is probably the best way of establishing the individuals communication and language needs as this would immediately allow me to establish their usual language, if they are visually or hearing impaired etc. Check the Care plan for the individuals communication needs. The Care plan can be a good source of information on the needs of the resident, but if documented incorrectly due to human error this method becomes ineffective. If the first two dont provide you with the needed information you could ask residents family, friends, doctor or other professionals who realize worked with the individual. This is another effective method, precisely to be used if the first two fail. Aiv) Describe three factors to consider when promoting effective communication. .Does he/she have any equipment to aid them in communicating e. g. glasses, are they clean and are they the correct proscription? Hearing aids are they switched on, does it need new batteries and is it fitted correctly. .People suffering from dysphasia strength get frustrated when trying to communicate. They might have difficulties finding the correct word so patience is required. .Is the area free from noise and distractions, and can the individual clearly see and hear you?Av) Describe three verbal and three non verbal communication methods and styles that a social worker may use in the adult care settings. vocal NON VERBAL Expression of emotions (nonspoken)e. g. grunts of exasperation, screams of pain or delight, cries of sorrow, whimpers or utterances of joy Facial Expressionfacial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger and fear are similar throughout the world and are a large proportion of nonverbal communication Written CommunicationWriting is considered a form of verbal communication because words are involved. GesturesCommon gestures include waving, pointing , and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts. oral CommunicationWhen people speak face-to-face, via the phone or by webcam, its considered verbal communication Involuntary nonverbal communication Movements and attitudes that show how people feel. Avi) Explain why it is essential to respond to an individuals reactions during communication. Shows you have respect for the individual and that you are truly interested and listening to what He/she is saying. Avii) Explain how an individuals stress can influence the way they communicate?Read also Advice About CommunicationIndividuals backgrounds, customs and beliefs differ and may make communication a challenge, in some cultures for example, children are not allowed to speak to certain adults. Other cultures dont allow women to talk to men they do not hunch. Life events can also influence the way people communicate. A person who has suffered a stroke might find it challenging to communicate verbally. A person who has previously bee n abused might be withdrawn and have difficulties communicating what they want. Aviii) Identify three examples of barriers to communication and pardon how you could overcome each barrier?BARRIER HOW IT CAN BE OVERCOME Physical barriers Physical barriers such as noise and temperature are easily overcome, try turning off the video recording or radio or setting the room to a more comfortable temperature. Physiological barriers Ensure any aids the individual needs to communicate are made available and are working correctly. Psychological barriers An individual suffering from dementia may sometimes struggle to communicate their wishes, in this situation I would reassure the individual Simplifying my words and speaking clearly and slowly giving them time to ask me questions and respond. Aix) Describe two strategies that you could use to clarify misunderstandings. .Ask the individual to repeat what you have told them to confirm their understanding. .Ask the individual questions to de termine their understanding. .One way of preventing the misunderstanding in the first place is to refer to the individuals care plan to determine his/her favourite(a) mean of communication Ax) A social care worker wants to enable more effective communication with Individuals using the service. Explain how they could access extra confine or services that may be helpful.If a service user is demonstrating hearing difficulties, they could be referred to a general practitioner for a hearing establish to determine whether or not the individual needs a hearing aid. overly if a service user is demonstrating visual difficulties could be referred to the opticians. Service users that have previously suffered a stroke may have difficulty producing and using speech, they may need a referral to Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists www. rcslt. org. uk Task B Case StudyYou are a social care worker and a service user, Hannah, tells you that she is unhappy taking her new medication. Sh e thinks she does not need it and so she is throwing it away. You know from her care plan that Hannah does need to take the medication regularly and gets confused. Hannah begs you to keep this confidential and not tell anyone especially her daughter, who she sees regularly, as her daughter will be very angry. Bi) How would you explain the term confidentiality to Hannah? I would first establish Hannas capacity and try to explain it in a way she would understand.I would try to explain to Hannah that I would respect her right to privacy and would uphold my confidentiality as long as it was in her best interests as I have a traffic of care towards Hanna. Bii) Describe the possible tensions that may arise between telling others of Hannahs decision and keeping this information totally confidential. In telling others of Hannas decision to discontinue taking her medication it could leave Hannah feeling betrayed and could cause Hanna to stop trusting me. It would be wrong not to inform my M anager/GP as I have a duty of care to Hannah.Bii) Describe ways to maintain confidentiality in day to day communication. To maintain confidentiality I would ensure all handovers of service users information was done in private and in an unused room as not to be heard by others. Also by ensuring daily progress notes and care plans were secured in a locked cupboard. Biv) Explain when and how a social care worker should get advice about confidentiality. If a service user asked me to keep certain information confidential and I was unsure of what to do, I would read the policies and procedures or speak to my manager to find the correct flight of action.

Nursing Care Plan and Evaluation

Instructions 1. The nursing care plan evaluation is based upon the application of criteria appropriate for the students skill set. 2.All nursing care plans must(prenominal) be typed (Times New Roman, 12 point font). The nursing care plan form is available on Blackboard in each clinical course. 3. The place rubric must be attached last page of nursing care plan. 4. All relevant assessment tools used (physical, psychological, or psychiatric i.e. Braden beat Assessment, Fall Risk) must be attached.HIPAA (Health Information Privacy and Protection Act) mandates all health care providers protect patient privacy. Only information that the patient specifically releases may be shared with others. Only professional persons (students and instructors) involved in care are allowed access to the health care information. The student should be wakeful about what information is shared verbally and with whom. If the student is approached for patient information by someone who purports to have aut hority, the best course of action is to refer that idiosyncratic to the appropriate administrative personnel.IVY TECH COMMUNITY COLLEGE OF INDIANA REGION 6 NURSING PROGRAMNURSING HISTORY & PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FORMStudent _________________________ Date of Care __1-26-2010 to 1-27______ Facility/whole _Oncology_BMH___ InstructorHealth HistoryBiographical DataPatients Initials _DH___ Age __79__ Gender__F__ Martial military position Widow__ DOB _7/29/1930__________Birthplace Randolph County__ Ethnic origin/Race _Caucasian_ Occupation previous factory worker_Work status retired_________ Educational background __High school______________History commencement initials ___Pt__ Relationship to client __self__________________Transcultural Considerations (Time, space, touch, & value orientation, language considerations, spiritual beliefs, education level)Pt speaks English. High school was the highest education received. She worked at a factory for years and then lay off to stay home and r aise her two kids.Special NeedsWalkerReasons for Seeking Care (Brief statement in patients words that describes reason for visit Chief Complaint) Pt states she is hither due to her ovarian cancer.Past Health HistoryApproximate hospitalization dates 1/17/2010Serious or Chronic Illnesses (Approximate onset) Pt has a hx of HTN, gallbladder disease, hiatal hernia, ulcers, diabetes type 2, hypothyroidism, depression, ovarian cancer, arthritis, migraines, cataracts and a business leg fx. Pt has also had these surgeries hysterectomy, appendectomy, cataracts, cholecystectomy, colon resection, hernia, thyroidectomy, tonsillectomy, and adenoidectomy.Obstetric RotationCurrent Obstetric AssessmentGravidity ______ Term ______ Preterm ______ Abortions ______ Living ______Blood eccentric person _____ Rh Factor _____LMP _______ EDC _______ RhoGAM position ______ DTR ________ (if applicable)Date & Time of Delivery __________________________________Type of Delivery ___ SVD ___ Forceps ____ Vacuum ____ Cesarean Section___________ Anesthesia/Analgesia _______ EBLPerineum ______ Intact ______ Episiotomy _____ Laceration & Location__________________Please note any current obstetric problems/complications (GDM, pre-eclampsia, etc.)Please note any past obstetrical problems/complications (Condition, duration, treatment)Infant DataGender ___________Apgar Score ___ / ___ Gestational Age _____weeks Cord Vessels_____ Feeding method ______ Weight at Birth _______ Length at Birth ________Blood Type & Rh ______ Direct Coombs ________ (if known)Complications at DeliveryAttachment BehaviorsAllergies Medications _Vaseline, Tetanus, Penicillin, Codeine, Aspirin, Morphine, Sulfa ___________ What mannequin of reaction was experienced __Rash, hives, facial swelling, Headache, _______ Foods ___NA________________________________________________________________ What kind of reaction was experienced_Na_________________________________________ Contact __NA__________________________________________ ______________________What kind of reaction was experienced__NA________________________________________Current Home Medications (all prescription, over the counter, home and herbal remedies, include trade or generic name, dose, and frequency) Reason for taking medication (patient stated). 1. Lisinopril 20 mg 1 pad of paper q pm daily- lowers BP2. Levothyroxine 100 mcg 1 tab qdsync daily- thyroid replacement 3. Ondansetron IV 4-8 mg q6hr or PRN- unwellness med 4. Sennosides 8.6 mg 1 tab daily- for constipation 5. Polyethylene glycol 17 gr powder daily take with 8 oz of water- for constipation 6. Demecloclycline 300 mg 1 tab TID- tx of bacteria 7. Nystatin 5 mL QID swish and spit- tx of fungus 8. Insulin Reg (Human) PRN with sliding scale- for diabetes 9. Promethazine 12.5 +5mL q8hr dilute with 9mL NS prior to IV with max rate 25mg/min helps with nausea and used for antihistamine 10. Hydromorphine brand Dilaudid 2 mg q2hr or PRN- per painSubstance use (Frequency and amount) Tobacco ___Past hx for 40+ years _________ Alcohol ___hx of occasional ____________________________________________ Illicit drugs __none____________________________________________________________Family History (Health status or cause of death of blood relatives displayed in a genogram format)Family & Social Support Systems Pt has a daughter and son that visit her daily. She also has a granddaughter that visits a few times.Physical AssessmentPrimary Medical Diagnosis _______Hyposmality___________________________________________________________________ Secondary Medical Diagnoses __Ovarian Ca Height __55______ Weight ___182_____ Head Circumference (if 2 yrs of age) _________________ TPR _98.5 66 28_____ B/P __142/77____ Pain Score ___10___Pain Goal __0___ BMI ___30_______ Oxygen Saturation _92____ Supplemental Oxygen _2L___ Diet __general with 1500 ml fluid restriction____Consumption % __less than 10% General AppearancePt is a 79 year old female with gray hair. She is sitting up on the BS C with a perch behind her back and a pillow in her hands pressing against her abd. Breakfast tray is sitting in front of her but she is unwilling to eat. Pt states she just hurts so bad from the constipation. Pain meds had already been given to her.Patients Health Promotion Activities At Home Pt uses a walker at home.Site Assessment of Invasive Lines and Drainage Tubes (Note location, type, and findings) PICC line in right upper chest with no signs of redness or bruising. There is an IV in her upper right arm that has some bruising.Mental Status General thought (attach screening tool/results if used) A & O X3. Pt sometimes seems to be a little confused.Skin, sensory hair & Nails Braden Scale Score ___19 LOW _______ (attached) Skin is warmly/dry/intact. Pt has a bruise over her left antecubital area and on top of left hand due to a previous IV. She has a scar from her gallbladder surgery that is still healing with no signs of infection. She also has an appendectomy scar from a p revious surgery years ago. Hair is full and thick. Nails of both upper and lower extremities are yellow with cap refill.

Hookworm Dermatitis in Dogs

Hookworm dermatitis is also called ancylostomiasis or uncinariasis dermatitis. Lesions occur as a result of the scratch up insight of the third stage larvae of Uncinaria stenocephala and Ancylostoma spp. The larvae are located in the soil that the animals contact. Lesions are more often associated with Uncinaria stenocephala infestation. Uncinaria stenocephala rarely completes its life cycle by skin penetration, however, Ancylostoma spp can.The larvae go far the skin primarily at areas of scaling skin but, occasionally they whitethorn enter via hair follicles. Signs of Hookworm Dermatitis The condition is more frequently noticed in hookworm infested dogs that are housed on dirt runs with poor sanitation. Lesions are primarily located on the feet but, they may be seen on any area of the skin that contacts the ground. Erythematous papules are present initially but, chronically affected skin often becomes red, thickened and alopecic. The skin on the footpads often becomes thickened. The interdigital spaces may be red, and the feet may eventually become soft and spongy especially at the pad margins. The nails may grow faster, become deformed and in severe cases break off. Arthritis may be present. Itchiness is always present but it can vary in intensity. Animals are irritable and lick their feet. Diagnosis of Hookworm Dermatitis Pelodera dermatitis is considered a practicable diagnosing when a dog kept outdoors on straw bedding has itchy, alopecic and crusting dermatitis on skin that is in contact with the ground.A positive fecal exam for hookworm eggs provides supporting evidence but does not confirm a diagnosis. Skin scraping is an easy, fast, inexpensive and reliable method for the diagnosis of Pelodera dermatitis. Treatment of Hookworm Dermatitis All affected and in-contact dogs should be given appropriate antihelminthic treatment and a prophylactic program should be started. Frequent removal of stool from the runs and kennels as well as improved sanitatio n should be performed.Therapy consists of routine worming with thiabendazole, fenbendazole, or levamizole and improving sanitation. Oral antibiotics were used in cases with confirmed or surmise concurrent bacterial infection. Since decaying organic matter is a typical habitat of P. strongyloides, removal of straw bedding from the kennel is imperative to allow successful medical exam treatment. Discarding moist or dirty bedding and replacing it with clean, dry bedding is the first step taken in treating our Pelodera dermatitis cases.

The Secret Lives of Bees

The Missing Piece of the Puzzle Delis Lilies Kettering College Medical School of Arts The most obvious symbolization of the Black Madonna in the writings of Sue Monk Kid represented a character of authority, endurance, stability, and a loving Mother. Many people contract themselves this question, What is my line up purpose in life? Or Who am I meant to be? Most of the time they get an answer based on a religion, inspirational readings or thought. The Virgin Mary, the Black Madonna, is historys example of a mother.She is sensitive and firm, relatable and divine. The Black Madonna teaches Lily that she has mothers all most her, Rationales protection, Mayos caring, and Augustus love, Lily finds a mother in everyone around her, including herself. Sue Monk Kid begins her story with a character by the name of Lilly Ray, a fourteen old girl who lives with her abusive father, T-Ray Brown. Lily had the tragic go through of losing her mother at a young age. She never had the intimate birth that comes with having a mother in your life.She never experienced the soft voice or embrace of a mothers loving arms, something she longed for all her life. Life has a funny way of eating us down the path we are destine to take, except at the same time, comforting us with situations that are unpleasant. The people that we meet on our Journey are people we are destined to meet. Rosalie, a unappeasable house keeper who lived in the south and worked for T-Ray, was one of the closes things Lily could call a mother figure in her life. Lily and Rosalie shared a common ground.The two love each other and at the same time, longed for something deeper in their lives. Sue Monk Kid teaches us the importance of relationship and the power of female community. Lily longs for her mother and cherishes the fewer possession of her mother. She keeps a box of her mothers memories buried in the orchard. In the box, there are photos, a pair of white gloves, and a wooden picture of a black Mary w ith the words Tiburon S. C. on the back. Every time Lily feels alone or unhappy, she digs the box up. Sue Monk Kid demonstrates the signifi bumce of mothers to visitmly human development.Everyone, regardless of circumstance or color, needs a mother. Lilys journey brings her to a place where transition and fate kisses face to face. Unfortunately, it also ends a relationship with her father whom she loved only when didnt understand. The Black Madonna serves several functions in Sue Monk Kid writing. It symbolizes as a surrogate mother to Lily eyesight this was the only image she could relate back to her mother. However, the real meaning and symbolization comes from Catholic Catechism. Catholics place high emphasis on Marry roles as the protector and intercessor.The Church holds the Blessed Virgins Mary, mother of Jesus Christ, in special regard. They feel a strong personal relationship to Mary as Lily did to Rosalie and the Bodyweight home. She is in a sense, mother to all. Just as Lilly turned to August for love and support, the Catholics turn to Marry Madonna for the name type of affection. The Black Madonna, through the teaching of August, gives Lily the strength and confidence to begin to change the way she thinks about her fathers behavior. Sue Monk Kid captures the bravery of Lilys actions.In a time when slavery was still present and in its strongest form, Lily was able to gather strength from the Madonna and her circle of friends to make her passage way to wholeness and a new beginning. Many different faiths and religions view the movie Mary Madonna in different ways, but for Lilys life, it would be the life changing motivating factor to start her on a new road of heal and freedom. Lilly sees honey for sale with the same picture of a black Mary that her Mother had. She discovers that a women name August Bodyweight sells the honey and Lily travels with her friend Rosalie to the Bodyweight home.Lily meets the sisters, August, June, and May, who live s in this able pink house. She was so nervous of the unknown she began to lie to them about her past. It is human nature to hold onto to something from our past that brings us shame. We cling to the memories of the past for it is there we can find peace and comfort. August is a black single woman who lives with her sisters and helps run her family business. She invites Lily and Rosalie to stay in the honey house. As time moves on, August develops a special bond with Lily becoming a surrogate mother to her.In each persons life, a good deal of the Joy and sorrow revolves around attachments or affectionate relationships making them, pause them, preparing for them, and adjusting to their loss by death. Among all of these bonds, are the special bonds of a mother or father we cherish the most. Bonding does not refer to mutual affection between a baby and an adult, but to the phenomenon whereby adults become Committed by a one-way flow of concern and affection to hillier for whom they have cared during the first months and old age of life, (hacker 20011). According to J.Robertson in his book, A Baby in the Family Loving and being Loved, individuals may have from three hundred to four hundred acquaintances in their lifetimes, but at any one time there are only a small number of persons to whom they are closely attached (Robertson, 1982, p. 53-54). He explains that much of the richness and beauty of life is derived from these close relationships which each person has with a small number of individuals such as, mother, father, brother, ester, husband, wife, son, daughter, and a small cadre of close friends (Robertson, 1982, p. 3-54). adhesiveness is crucial to the survival and development of human kind. August makes the most important statement Lily would ever receive about the black Mary and who she is Our Lady is not some magical being out there somewhere, like a fairy godmother. Shes not in the statue in the parlor. Shes something inside you (Kid, 288). It is a t this point Lily discovers where her true strength comes from. She sees it inside of her. As this story unfolds, Lily is now able to make peace with the past and with her father.She understands the hurt she was feeling but never took the time to see that T-Ray was also dealing with his own daemons and hurt. It was the hate and bitter heart oft-Ray that drove Lily on her journey, but its her destiny that leads her to a new hive of mothers, and falls in love with who she is inside.

Best Fit Vs Best Practice Essay

virago.comIn 1994, with a handful of political platformmers and a few kibibyte dollars in workstations and servers, Jeff Bezos set step up to change the retail world when he created virago.com (ticker AMZN). Shel Kaphan, amazons first designmer, assisted by others, including Paul Barton-Davis, used a collection of tools to create Web pages based on a selective informationbase of 1 1 meg million book titles compiled from the Library of Congress and Books in Print databases. Kaphan n ones that amazon was helpless on commercial and free database systems, as well as HTTP server softwargon from commercial and free sources. M any of the programming tools were free softw are Collett two hundred2. In July 1995, amazon opened its Web aim for gross gross sales. Using intemperately discounted book damages (20 to 30 percent below common retail prices) Amazon advertised heavily and became the leading celebrity of the Inter lowest and e-commerce. gross sales and RelationshipsAmazo n made its initial mark interchange books, and many people still think of the beau monde in scathe of books. However, al intimately from the start, the troupe has worked to expand into additional areasstriving to become a global retailer of almost anything. Some of the main events include 1995 books, 1998 medical specialty and DVD/video, 1999 auctions, electronics, toys, zShops/MarketPlace, home improvement, software, and video games 1999 annual report. By the end of 1999, the company had forged partnerships with several(prenominal) other online stores, including Ashford.com, Audible, Della.com, drugstore.com, Gear.com, Greenlight.com, HomeGrocer.com, Kozmo.com, living.com, NextCard.com, Pets.com, and Sothebys. Of course, most of those firms and Web sites later died in the dot com crash of 2000/2001.Amazon also established partnerships with several large retailers, including Target, Toys R Us, Babies R Us, and Circuit City. Effectively, Amazon became a armed service organizati on to manage the online straw man of these large retailers. However, it also uses its distrisolelyion system to deliver the products. The Circuit City arrangement was slightly different from the otherscustomers could pick up their peaks directly from their local stores Heun grand 2001. After Circuit City went below, the relationship ended. By mid-2003, the Web sales and fulfillment operate amounted to 20 percentof Amazons sales. Bezos points out that most companies realize that only a sm wholly fraction of their total sales (5 to 10 percent) will come from online systems, so it inducts sense to receive Amazon triumph those portions Murphy 2003. In 2001, Amazon took oer the Web site run by its bricks-and-mortar rival Borders. In 2000, Borders lost $18.4 million on total online sales of $27.4 million Heun April 2001.Also in 2001, Amazon partnered with Expedia to offer travel services directly from the Amazon site. However, in this case, the Amazon portion consists of little m ore than an advertising railroad tie to the Expedia services Kontzer 2001. The exacts in 2001 continued with a twist when Amazon evidenced its search technology to AOL. AOL invested $100 million in Amazon and payed an undisclosed license fee to use the search-and-personalization service on ShopAOL Heun July 2001. In 2003, Amazon launched a subsidiary just to sell its Websales and fulfillment technology to other firms. Bezos noteworthy that Amazon spends about $200 million a year on information technology (a total of $900 million to mid-2003). The purpose of the subsidiary is to help domesticate some of those bealthough Bezos believes they were critically necessary expenditures Murphy 2003.With so many diverse products, and relationships, it might be tempting to keep everything separate. However, Amazon perceives advantages from showing the entire site to customers as a single, broad entity. Yes, customers click to the various stores to find individual items. But, run a search and you will quickly see that it identifies products from any division. Additionally, the company is experimenting with cross sales. In 2002, the Project Ruby test site began change name-brand clothing and accessories. Customers who spent $50 or more on apparel received a $30 gift certificate for use anywhere else on Amazon Hayes 2002.By 2004, 25 percent of Amazons sales were for its partners. But, one of Amazons major relationships took a really bad turn in 2004 when Toys R Us sued Amazon and Amazon countersued. The complaint by Toys R Us alleges that it had signed a ten-year exclusivity contract with Amazon and had so far paid Amazon $200 million for the right to be the exclusive provider oftoys at Amazon.com. David Schwartz, senior VP and general counsel for Toys R Us stated that We dont intend to pay for exclusivity were not getting Claburn may 2004. Amazons initial response was that We believe we can see multiple sellers in the toy category, increase selection, and offer p roducts that (Toys R Us) doesnt have Claburn May 2004.The lawsuit counters that at least one product (a Monopoly game) appears to be for sale by third-party suppliers as well as Toys R Us. A month later, Amazon countersued, alleging that Toys R Us experienced chronic failure to maintain sufficient stock to meet demand. The court documents noted that Toys R Us had been out of stock on 20 percent of its most popular products Claburn June 2004. Although the dispute sounds damaging, it is conceiv fit that both parties are using the courts as a means to renegotiate the base contract.Small merchants accelerated a shift to Amazons marketplace technology. By 2007, Amazon was simply the largest marketplace on the Web. For example, John Wieber was selling $1 million a year in refurbished calculators through eBay. But increased competition and eBays rising prices convinced him to switch to direct sales through Amazon. Similar small merchants noted that although the fees on Amazon are hefty, they do not have to pay a listing fee. Plus, eBay shoppers only hope to buy things at bargain-basement prices (Mangalindan 2005).In 2010, Target ended its contract with Amazon and launched its own Web servers. Amazon does not report sales separately for its partners such(prenominal) as Target, so it is difficult to determine what impact the change might have on Amazon. However, Amazon has many other sellers who offer similar products.digital ContentAmazon has been expanding its offerings in digital contentin many ways extending competition against Apple, provided also leading the way in digital books. Although it was not the first manufacturer, Amazon is reportedly the largest seller of e-readers with the bring up. Amazon does not report sales separately for the Kindle. Amazon also noted in 2011 that ebooks for its Kindle reader have overtaken sales of paperback books as the most popularformat. The e-books had already exceeded hard- hold out books the year before Wu 2011. For ma ny of these reasons, Borders, a bricks-and-mortar competitor to Amazon went under in 2011.Amazon is also working to expand sales of music. The Web site has relatively standard pricing on current songs, but much offers discounts on older albums. By 2011, Amazon was also trying to expand into video drift. Customers who pay $79 a year to join thePrime program gain faster shipping, and also access to a library of digital movies and TV shows. Unfortunately, with limited ties to the movie studios, the offerings initially were relatively thin. However, other video streaming sites, including Netflix and Hulu, were also struggling to develop vast-term contracts with studios. In September 2011, Amazon announced a deal with Fox to offer movies and TV shows owned by the studio. At the same time, Netflix announced a similar deal with the Dreamworks studio. It will take time for studios to determine strategies on streaming video services and for consumers to make choices Woo and Kung 2011.In l ate 2011, Amazon released its own version of a tablet computer. The company continued to sell the Kindle e-book reader, but the tablet focused on audio frequency and video, using a color LCD display screen with a touch interface. Although it lacked features available on the market-leading Applet iPad, the Kindle table carried a price that was about half that of the iPad and other competitors ($200). The obvious goal was to provide a device that encourages customers to purchase more digital content directly from Amazon Peers 2011.Sales TaxesSales taxes have been a long-term issue with Amazon. The annual Report notes that several states filed formal complaints with the company in March 2003. The basis for the individual suits is not detailed, but the basic legal position is that any company that has a physical comportment in a state (nexus by the terms of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling), is subject to that states laws and must then collect the required sales taxes and remit them to th e state. The challenge is that the level of presence has never beenclearly defined. Amazon argues that it has no physical presence in most states and is therefore not required to collect taxes. The most recent challenges are based on Amazons affiliate program. Amazon pays a small commission to people who run Web sites and redirect traffic to the Amazon site. For instance, a site might mention a book and then include a link to the book on the Amazon site.Several states have passed laws claiming that these relationships constitute a sales force and open up Amazon to taxation within any state where these affiliates reside. In response, Amazon dropped the affiliate program in several states, has initiated a legal challenge in the state of new-sprung(prenominal) York, and in 2011, negotiated a refreshed deal signed into law in California Letzing 2011. In the California deal, Amazon obtained a delay in collecting taxes for at least a year, in exchange for locating a new distribution cen ter in the state and creating at least 10,000 full-time jobs. Amazon is also asking the U.S. Congress to create a new federal law to deal with the sales-tax issue. However, because the state sales tax issue is driven by the interstate commerce clause in the U.S. Constitution, a unsophisticated law will not alter the underlying principles. However, if Congress desired, it might create a Federal Sales tax law with some order of apportioning the money to states. But, do not bet on any major tax laws during a Presidential election year. breeding TechnologyIn the first years, Amazon intentionally kept its Web site systems separate from its orderfulfillment system. The separation was partly due to the fact that the programmers did not have the technical efficacy to connect them, and partly because the company wanted to improve security by keeping the order systems off the Web. By 1997, Amazons sales had reached $148 million for the year. The big book database was being run on Digital A lpha servers. Applications were still custom written in house. By early 2000, the company had over 100 separate database instances running on a variety of servershandling terabytes of data.In 2000, Amazon decided to overhaul its entire system. The company spent $200 million on new applications, including analysis software from E.piphany, logistics from Manugistics, and a new DBMS from Oracle. The company alsosigned deals with SAS for data mining and analysis Collett 2002. But, one of its biggest deals was with Excelon for business-to-business integration systems. The system enables suppliers to communicate in real time, even if they do not have sophisticated IT departments. It provides a direct connection to Amazons ERP system either through programming connections or through a Web browser Konicki 2000.About the same time (May 2000), Amazon inked a deal with HP to supply new servers and IT services Goodridge and Nelson 2000. The new systems ran the open-source Linux operating system . Already by the third quarter of 2001, Amazon was able to reduce its IT costs by 24 percent from the same quarter in 2000 Collett 2002. By 2004, the supply chain system at Amazon was a critical performer in its success. Jeffrey Wilke, Senior VP of worldwide operations, observed that When we think about how were going to grow our company, we focus on price, selection, and availability. All three depend critically on the supply chain Bacheldor 2004. Almost the entire system was built from scratch, customized to Amazons needs. When a customer places an order, the system immediately connects to the distribution centers, determines the outstrip way to ship the product, and provides the details to the customer in under two minutes. The entire process is automatic.Dr. Russell Allgor moved from Bayer Chemical to Amazon and built an 800,000equation computer model of the companys sprawling operation. When implemented, the goal of the model was to help accomplish almost everything from sche duling Christmas overtime to rerouting trucks in a snowstorm. Allgors overture work focused on one of Amazons most vexing problems How to keep inventory at a minimum, charm ensuring that when someone orders several products, they can be shipped in a single box, preferably from the warehouse the company had six that is nearest the customer Hansell, 2001. Dr. Allgors analysis is simple, but unorthodox to Amazon veterans.Amazon should increase its holdings of best sellers and stop holding slow-selling titles. It would still sell these titles but order them after the customer does. Lyn Blake, a vice hot seat who previously ran Amazons book department and now oversees company relations with manufacturers, disagrees with this perspective. I worry about the customers perspectiveif we all of a sudden have a lot of items that are not available for quick delivery.Amazons merchant and MarketPlace systems are powerful tools that enable small stores to sell their products through Amazons system. Amazon continually works to improve the connections on those systems. This system caused problems in 2001the main issue was that the data on the merchant Web sites was being updated only once every eight hours. The merchants link to Amazons main database servers, and internal applications exaltation the data onto the displayed page as requested. As customers purchased items, the inventory quantities were altered in the main servers, but the current totals were not transferred to the display pages until several hours later. Consequently, customers would be told that an item was in stock, even it had sold out several hours ago. To solve the problem, Amazon installed Excelons ObjectStore database in 2002. The system functions as a cache management server, reduce the update times from eight hours down to twominutes. Paul Kotas, engineering director for the MerchantsGroup noted that with the growth of this business, we needed a zero-latency solution Whiting 2002.In 2003, Amazon added a simple object access protocol (SOAP) gateway so that retailers could easily build automated connections to the system. Data is passed as XML documents and automatically converted to Amazons format Babcock 2003. One of the most successful technologies introduced by Amazon is the affinity list. When someone purchases an item, system makes recommendations based on similar items purchased by other customers. The system uses basic data mining and statistical tools to quickly run correlations and display the suggested products. Kaphan notes that There was always a vision to make the service as useful as possible to each user and to take advantage of the ability of the computer to help analyze a lot of data to show people things they were most likely to be interested in Collett 2002.The system also remembers every purchase made by a customer. So, the Amazon programmers created the Instant Order Update feature, that reminds customers if they have already purchased an item in their cart. Bezo notes that Customers lead busy lives and cannot always remember if theyve already purchased a particular item. He also observedthat When we launched Instant Order Update, we were able to measure with statistical significance that the feature slightly reduced sales. Good for customers? Definitely. Good for shareowners? Yes, in the long run 2003 annual report.Capital expenditures for software and Web site development are not cheap $176 million, $146 million, and $128 million for 2010, 2009, and 2008 respectively (2010 Annual Report). But, in comparison, in 2010, net income tax provisions were $352 million.New ServicesAmazon requires huge data centers and high-speed Internet connections to run its systems. Through vast economies of scale, Amazon is able to achieve incredibly low prices for data storage and bandwidth. Around 2005, the company decided that it could leverage those low costs into a new business selling Internet-based services. The company offers an online data s torage service called S3. For a monthly fee of about 15 cents per gigabyte stored plus 15 cents per gigabyte of data transferred, any person or company can transfer and store data on Amazon servers Markoff 2006. Through a similar service (EC2), any company can use the companys Web servers to deliver digital content to customers. The company essentially serves as a Web host, but sooner of paying fixed costs, you pay 10 cents per virtual server per hour plus bandwidth costs.Amazons network can handle bursts up to 1 gigabit per second. The system creates virtual servers, running the Linux kernel, and you can run any software you want Gralla 2006. By 2011, the company had several locations providing S3 and EC2 Web services. It also offered online relational database services using either MySQL or the Oracle DBMS. Anyone can pay to store data in the DBMS, with charges being levied per hour, per data stored, and per data transferred. The point is that Amazon handles all of the maintenanc e and other companies avoid fixed costs. Even government agencies are adopting the benefits of storing data in these cloud servicesincluding those run by Amazon. For example, the U.S. Treasury proposale section moved is public Web sites to the Amazon cloud. Pratt 2011.Perhaps the most unusual service is Mturk. The name derives from an18-century joke where a mechanical chess-playing machine surprised European leaders and royalty by beating many expert players. The trick was that a human was hidden under the board and moved the pieces with magnets. Amazons trick is to use human power to solve problems. Companies post projects on the Mturk site and offer to pay a price for piecemeal work. Any individual can sign up and perform a task and get paid based on the amount of work completed. Amazon takes a 10 percent commission above the fee. For example, the company Casting Words places audio files on the site and pays people 42 cents to transcribe one minute of audio files into text Marko ff 2006. The Amazon EC2 and S3 services suffered some problems in the summer of 2011.A configuration error during an upgrade in the East Coast facility triggered a cascade that delayed all services in the facility. Internet services including Foursquare and Reddit that used the facility were impacted by the problems for almost a calendar week Tibken 2011. Amazon engineers learned a lot from the problems and the same issue is unlikely to occur again http//aws.amazon.com/message/65648/. But, the outage points out the chances involved in any centralise system. Ironically, the main problems were caused by algorithms designed to copy data to multiple servers to reduce risks. On the other hand, with multiple facilities, Amazon provides the ability to spread content and risk across multiple locations. Adam Selipsky, vice president of product management and developer relations at Amazon Web Services observed that Amazon is essentially a technology company weve spent more than one and a half billion dollars investing in technology and content. We began by retailing books, but it was never in our business plan to stay with that Gralla 2006.Financial PerformanceWhen Amazon started, it spent huge amounts of money not only building infrastructure, but also buying market share. It took Amazon nine years to achieve profitability. And the profits started to arrive only after the company changed its pricing model nidus on retail prices for popular items and smaller discounts for all books. In the process, the company lost almost $3 billion. It was not until 2009 that Amazon had generated enoughprofits to cover all of its prior losses (ignoring interest rates and debt).The companys financial position has improved since 2000. Most of the improvement is due to increases in saleswhich is good. But, those sales increased largely by selling products for other firms, and from one more twist. Amazon no longer discounts most of the books that it sells. In fact, it is generally more expensive to purchase books from Amazon than to buy them from your local bookstore. For competitive online pricing, check www.campusi.com, which searches multiple Web sites for the best price, but the selection might not be as large.Another source of increased sales is the international market (largely Britain, Europe and Japan). Notice in the table that media sales (books, audio, and movies) are higher in the International market than in North America. More products are sold in North America, but clearly the growth path is the international market. show up of curiosity, where did all of that money go? In 2003, Bezos noted that $900 million went to business technology $300 million was spent on thefulfillment centers and $700 million on marketing and customer acquisition Murphy 2003. That run low part largely represents selling books at a loss or offering free shipping while trying to attract customers. Those numbers add up to the $1.9 billion debt, but what happened to the other $ 1 billion in net losses? Interestingly, according to the 2010 Annual Report, Amazon still runs a loss on shipping. In 2010, the company declared shipping revenue of $1.2 billion, against outbound shipping costs of $2.6 billion, for a net loss of $1.4 billion Amazon continues to expand aggressively.In 2011, Amazon estimated revenue increases of 28-39 percent but increased operating expenses by about 38 percent. tom Szkutak, Amazons finance chief noted that When you add something to the magnitude of 23 fulfillment centers, mostly in the course of the second half of last year, you have added costs and youre not as productive on those assets for some time, Wu 2011. For the longer term, Amazons leaders clearly indicate that they are aware of the stiff competitionboth from bricks-and-mortar retailers and from online rivals including small start-ups and established rivals including Apple and Google.Case Questions1. Who are Amazons competitors?2. Why would customers shop at Amazon if they can find better prices elsewhere? 3. Why did Amazon create most of its own technology from scratch? 4. If Amazon buys products from other firms and simply ships them to customers, why does it need so many of its own distribution centers?5. Will other retailers buy or lease the Web software and services from Amazon? stick out Amazon make enough money from selling these services?6. Write a report to management that describes the primary cause of the problems, a detailed plan to solve them, and show how the plan solves the problems and describe any other benefits it will provide.Additional ReadingBabcock, Charles, Amazon Makes Online Merchandising Easier, studyWeek, September 15, 2003. Bacheldor, Beth, From Scratch Amazon Keeps Supply Chain Close To Home, instruction Week, March 5, 2004.Claburn, Thomas, Amazon.com And Toys R Us Are On The Outs, Information Week, May 31, 2004.Claburn, Thomas, Why Amazon Is Suing Toys R Us, Information Week, June 29, 2004. Collett, Stacy, The Webs Bes t-seller, Computerworld, September 30, 2002. Goodridge, Elisabeth and Matthew G. Nelson, Update Amazon Drops Sun, Compaq For HP, Information Week, May 31, 2000.Gralla, Preston, Computing in the Cloud, Computerworld, December 21, 2006. Hansell, Saul. A Front-Row Seat as Amazon Gets Serious, The New York Times, May 20, 2001, http//www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/technology/20AMAZ.html. Hayes, Mary, CDs, High Heels, Flannel Shirts, Information Week, November 4, 2002. Heun, Christopher T., Amazon, Borders Team For Superior Customer Service, Information Week, April 16, 2001. Heun, Christopher T., Amazon Loss Shrinks AOL Buys Amazon Search Service, Information Week, July 24, 2001. Heun, Christopher T., Amazon Plugs Into Circuit City In Profitability Drive, Information Week, August 27, 2001.Konicki, Steve, Amazon Taps Excelon To Redo Supply-Chain System, Information Week, October 30, 2000.Kontzer, Tony, Amazon Teams With Expedia On Online Travel Store, Information Week, September 26, 2001.Letzi ng, John, Amazon Wins Reprieve on California Tax in Exchange for Jobs, The Wall Street Journal, September 23, 2011.Mangalindan, Mylene, Threatening eBays Dominance, More Online Sellers Go It Alone, The Wall Street Journal, June 22, 2005.Markoff, John, Software Out There, The New York Times, April 5, 2006. Murphy, Chris, Amazon, The Services Firm, Information Week, June 10, 2003. Peers, Martin, Launching New Tablet, Amazon Plays With Fire, The Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2011.Pratt, Mary K., Feds step on it to the Cloud, Computerworld, July 13, 2011. Tibken, Shara, Amazon Cloud Snafu Disrupts Websites, The Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2011.Whiting, Rick, System Overhaul Boosts Amazons Inventory Update Time, Information Week, February 19, 2002.Stu Woo, Expenses Eat at Amazons Profit, The Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2011. Stu Woo and Michelle Kung, Netflix, Amazon Add to Movies, The Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2011.